From the kernel to the file system — understand how an OS manages processes, memory, concurrency, and hardware for every program on your machine.
What an OS is, why it exists, and the key abstractions it provides.
Operating Systems — Processes, Memory & Scheduling
Understand how an OS manages processes, threads, memory, and CPU scheduling. Covers virtual memory, deadlocks, and file systems.
Processes & Threads — PCB, States & Context Switching
Learn what a process really is, how the OS tracks it in a PCB, how it moves between states, and how threads differ from processes.
How the CPU is shared between programs and how memory is virtualised.
CPU Scheduling — FCFS, SJF, Round Robin & MLFQ
Walk through every major scheduling algorithm with Gantt chart examples. Understand how the OS decides which process runs next.
Memory Management — Paging, TLB & Virtual Memory
Understand how every process gets its own address space, how the MMU translates addresses, and how page replacement algorithms handle full RAM.
Coordinating concurrent access and organising data on disk.
Synchronisation — Mutex, Semaphores & Deadlocks
From race conditions to deadlock prevention. Master the tools threads use to take turns: mutexes, semaphores, condition variables.
File Systems — Inodes, Directories & Journaling
How a flat sequence of disk blocks becomes a hierarchy of named files. Learn inodes, hard links, block pointers, and how journaling prevents corruption.
How user programs talk to the kernel and communicate with each other.
System Calls — The Bridge Between User Space and Kernel
Understand how processes request OS services via system calls. Covers the syscall interface, context switches, common calls, and how to trace them.
Inter-Process Communication — Pipes, Sockets & Shared Memory
Learn how separate processes exchange data: anonymous pipes, named pipes, message queues, shared memory, and Unix domain sockets.
I/O subsystems, device drivers, and virtualisation technologies.
I/O Systems — Buffering, DMA & Storage Scheduling
How the OS abstracts hardware I/O: device drivers, interrupt handling, DMA, kernel buffers, and disk scheduling algorithms.
Virtualization — Hypervisors, Containers & VMs
From bare-metal to Type-1/Type-2 hypervisors, hardware-assisted virtualisation, and how containers differ from VMs.